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1.
ARS med. (Santiago, En línea) ; 43(3): 33-41, 2018. Tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1023611

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la analgesia peridural postoperatoria en niños es efectiva con catéteres insertados al nivel del sitio quirúrgico. Objetivo:comparar la eficacia y las complicaciones de catéteres insertados a nivel lumbar y torácico para analgesia postoperatoria. Método:revisamos la base de datos del Servicio de dolor agudo. Extrajimos información de pacientes de 0-18 años, con analgesia peridural postoperatoria. Los pacientes fueron divididos en grupo lumbar y torácico y, en cada grupo, por edades. Recopilamos información de: variables demográficas, tipo de cirugía, nivel de inserción del catéter peridural, solución de anestésico local administrada, analgésicos sistémicos, coadyuvantes peridurales, dolor postoperatorio y complicaciones. Dividimos las complicaciones según gravedad. Resultados: se analizaron 221 pacientes, 123 con catéter lumbar y 98 con catéter torácico. Catéteres peridurales lumbares y torácicos fueron principalmente insertados en niños de 1-3 años y mayores de 4 años respectivamente. Se utilizó bupivacaína 0,1-0,125 por ciento. Las cirugías fueron urológicas, intraabdominales, ortopédicas, torácicas y cardiovasculares. Los niños con catéteres torácicos tuvieron más dolor (mediana (rango): 3 (0-6) vs. 2 (0-4)) y necesitaron sus catéteres por más días (promedio (DE): 2,96 (1,06) vs. 2,53 (1,09) que aquellos con catéter lumbar. Los requerimientos analgésicos fueron similares en ambos grupos. Hubo 60 complicaciones (27,1 por ciento), principalmente menores (92 por ciento), sin diferencias entre los grupos lumbar y torácica (30 por ciento vs 23 por ciento) ni entre las diferentes edades. Conclusión: los catéteres peridurales insertados en relación al sitio quirúrgico, a nivel lumbar o torácico, proporcionarían analgesia postoperatoria clínicamente aceptable y comparable, con similar incidencia de complicaciones.(AU)


Introduction: postoperative epidural analgesia in children is effective with catheters inserted at the level of the surgical site. Objective: compare the efficacy and complications of epidural catheters inserted at the lumbar and thoracic level for postoperative analgesia in this population. Methods: we review the Acute Pain Service Database. We extracted information of patient from 0 to 18 years with postoperative epidural analgesia. Patients were divided into lumbar and thoracic groups and, in each group, by age. Collected data included: demographic, type of surgery, details of epidural catheters insertion, the local anesthetic administered, systemic analgesics and epidural adjuvant used, postoperative pain and complications. We divide complications according severity. Results: 221 patients were analyzed, 123 with lumbar and 98 with thoracic epidurals catheters. Lumbar and thoracic epidural catheters were mainly placed in patients 1-3 years and older than four years respectively. Bupivacaine 0.1-0.125 percent was the analgesic solution used. Performed surgeries were urological, intraabdominal, orthopedic, thoracic and cardiovascular. Children with thoracic catheters had more pain (median (IQR): 3 (0-6) vs. 2 (0-4)) and needed their catheters more days (mean (SD): 2.96 (1.06) vs. 2.53 (1.09)) than children with lumbar catheters.Analgesic requirements were similar between both groups. There were 60 complications (27.1 percent), mainly minors (92 percent), with no differences between lumbar and thoracic groups (30 percent vs. 23 percent respectively), and among age categories. Conclusion: the epidural catheters inserted about the surgical site, at the lumbar or the thoracic level would provide clinically acceptable and comparable postoperative analgesia with a similar rate of complications.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Efficacy , Anesthesia, Epidural , Pain, Postoperative , Postoperative Complications , Child , Catheters , Pain Management
2.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 35(1): 41-48, 2016. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-782641

ABSTRACT

El infarto del miocardio es una de las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial y se produce a consecuencia de procesos de isquemia-reperfusión (IR). El daño miocárdico generado por IR puede ser atenuado a través del pre-condicionamiento isquémico (PI) temprano, mediado por la vía RISK o PI tardío, que se asocia a una respuesta genómica en la que se activan proteínas como óxido nítrico sintasa inducible (iNOS). Las vías de señalización que median el PI también pueden ser activadas farmacológicamente. Dexmedetomi-dina (Dex) es un agonista alfa2-adrenérgico, que se ha descrito como un potente agente cardioprotector frente a IR. Recientemente, nuestro grupo describió que Dex requiere el endotelio y la activación de la vía óxido nítrico sintasa endotelial (eNOS)-óxido nítrico (NO) para pre-condicionar el miocardio. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que muestren la posible participación de iNOS en la protección conferida por Dex. La presente adenda tiene por objetivo evaluar si Dex activa iNOS en el corazón y en cardiomiocitos. Para esto, corazones de rata adulta fueron estimulados con Dex 10 nM y se observó que el fármaco aumentó la producción de NO medida por cuantificación de nitritos, mas no estimuló la activación de iNOS medida por Western blot. Además, Dex tampoco indujo el aumento de mRNA de iNOS en cardiomiocitos adultos. Por lo tanto, Dex genera NO independiente a iNOS durante su efecto pre-condicionante agudo. Sin embargo, se requieren más estudios que clarifiquen su papel en una posible protección a largo plazo frente a IR generada por Dex.


Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is generated as a consequence of ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Myocardial damage inflicted by IR can be attenuate by early ische-mic pre-conditioning (IP), which is mediated by the RISK pathway or late IP, which is associated to a genomic response involving the activation of proteins such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The signaling pathways mediating IP can also be pharmacologically activated. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist, which has been described as a strong cardio protective agent against IR. Recently, our group reported that Dex requires the endothelium and the activation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-ni-tric oxide (NO) pathway to precondition the myocardium. However, there are no studies showing the involvement of iNOS in the protection elicited by Dex. The aim of this Addendum is to evaluate if Dex activates iNOS in the heart and cardiomyocytes. To test this, adult rat hearts were stimulated with Dex 10 nM and we observed that NO production measured by quantification of nitrites was increased, but Dex did not activate iNOS measured by Western blot. Moreover, Dex did not induce an increase in the mRNA levels of iNOS in adult cardiomyocytes. Therefore, Dex generates NO independent of iNOS during its early pre-conditioning effect. Nevertheless, more studies are required to clarify its role in a possible long term protection against IR generated by Dex.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Nitric Oxide Synthase/drug effects , Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial/methods , Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage , Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage , Cardiotonic Agents/administration & dosage , Blotting, Western , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Disease Models, Animal , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
5.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 29(1): 100-116, 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-554863

ABSTRACT

La patología cardiovascular es la primera causa de muerte en Chile y en el mundo. Desde el punto de vista quirúrgico, anestesiólogos y cirujanos enfrentan más frecuentemente pacientes mayores con patología cardiovascular. La incidencia de isquemia miocárdica en pacientes de alto riesgo, sometidos a cirugía no-cardíaca, es cercana al 40 por ciento durante el perioperatorio. La incidencia de infarto miocárdico y muerte en cirugía no-cardíaca, oscila entre 1 y 5 por ciento. Existe una estrecha relación entre los eventos isquémicos perioperatorios y el aumento de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular. Por este motivo, se han desarrollado medidas terapéuticas orientadas a disminuir la incidencia de isquemia perioperatoria y aminorar el daño asociado a ella. La adecuada identificación de pacientes de riesgo, la optimización del tratamiento médico de patologías asociadas y el uso de fármacos cardioprotectores durante el perioperatorio, han mostrado disminuir la incidencia de complicaciones cardíacas. Dexmedetomidina es un agonista beta2-adrenérgico de uso frecuente en anestesia. La evidencia sugiere que posee propiedades cardioprotectoras que podrían beneficiar a pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo cardiovascular. La cardioprotección conferida por dexmedetomidina estaría mediada por la modulación del sistema nervioso autónomo. La disminución de la frecuencia cardíaca y de la presión arterial observada durante su uso, evitarían el desbalance entre aporte y demanda de oxígeno miocárdico y atenuarían el estrés sobre placas ateromatosas inestables. Hasta este momento se desconoce si dexmedetomidina produce precondicionamiento cardíaco y si activa vías transduccionales asociadas a cardioprotección. Frente a la actual realidad epidemiológica en Chile y el mundo, es importante estudiar y definir, cuales son los fármacos de uso frecuente en anestesia con capacidad cardloprotectora y los mecanismos Involucrados en esta protección. Sería Interesante lograr...


Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death In Chile and worldwide. Anesthesiologists and surgeons often face more elderly surgical patients with cardiovascular disease. The incidence of myocardial Ischemia in patents at high risk, undergoing non-cardiac surgery is about 40 percent during the perioperative period. The incidence of myocardial Infarction and death in non-cardiac surgery is between 1 and 5 percent. There is a close relationship between perioperative Ischemic events and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality Therefore, therapeutic approaches have been developed to reduce the Incidence of perioperative Ischemia and lessen the damage associated with it. The proper Identification of patients at risk, optimizing the medical treatment of associated diseases and the use of cardioprotective drugs during the perioperative period have shown to decrease the Incidence of cardiac complications. The beta2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine is commonly used in anesthesia. The evidence suggests that possesses cardioprotective properties that could benefit surgical patients at high cardiovascular risk. The cardioprotection conferred by dexmedetomidine would be mediated by modulation of the autonomic nervous system. The decrease in heart rate and blood pressure observed during its use could avoid the Imbalance between supply and myocardial oxygen demand and lessen the stress on unstable athermanous plaques. So far it is unknown whether dexmedetomidine produces cardiac preconditioning by activating cardioprotective-signaling pathways. Faced with the current worldwide epidemiologic situation, It would be Important to study the cardioprotective capacity of drugs frequently used in anesthesia and the mechanisms Involved In that protection. It would be interesting to achieve that definition regarding the perioperative use of dexmedetomidine.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/administration & dosage , Intraoperative Complications/prevention & control , Dexmedetomidine/administration & dosage , Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control , Surgical Procedures, Operative/adverse effects , Cardiotonic Agents/administration & dosage , Myocardial Ischemia/prevention & control , Perioperative Care
7.
Pediatr. día ; 22(2): 4-8, mayo-jun. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-443378

ABSTRACT

La intención de este capítulo es mostrar las particularidades que el niño presenta frente al dolor: lo perjudicial que puede ser para la evolución de la enfermedad o la recuperación de un procedimiento, y que aún cuando hay muchas cosas que no sabemos, con lo que se conoce y se cuenta, debiera hacerse más que lo habitualmente se ve en una práctica clínica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Pain Measurement/methods , Pain/diagnosis , Pain/physiopathology , Pain/psychology , Pain/metabolism , Signs and Symptoms
8.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 134(6): 697-702, jun. 2006. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-434616

ABSTRACT

Background: Dexamethasone is useful as prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Aim: To study the short term efficacy of dexamethasone to treat PONV in adults without prophylaxis, and compare its efficacy with that of droperidol and ondansetron. Material and methods: A prospective study was performed with 120 consecutive adult patients presenting PONV in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) at a University teaching hospital. During the occurrence of PONV, patients were randomized to receive in a double blind manner dexamethasone 8 mg IV (Group 1, n=40), droperidol 1.25 mg IV (Group 2, n=40), or ondansetron 2 mg IV (Group 3, n=40). Risk factors for PONV were recorded. Evaluations were made until discharge from the PACU and included presence of PONV, degree of sedation, and other potential adverse effects of the study drugs. Short term efficacy was defined as the percentage of patients free of PONV during all the stay in PACU after treatment. Results: General data was similar for the 3 groups. Mean ± SD stay in PACU after treatment was 101±34 minutes in Group 1, 93±33 minutes in Group 2, and 99±32 minutes in Group 3 (NS). Short term efficacy (CI 95%) was 55% (40-70%) in Group 1, 90% (81-99%) in Group 2, and 63% (48-78%) in Group 3 (p <0.05 for group 2 vs 1 and 3). There were no adverse effects attributable to the study drugs. Conclusions: Short term efficacy of dexamethasone to treat PONV was similar to ondansetron, but inferior to droperidol. Further studies are needed to define the duration of this effect of dexamethasone.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antiemetics/therapeutic use , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Droperidol/therapeutic use , Ondansetron/therapeutic use , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/drug therapy , Analysis of Variance , Double-Blind Method , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome
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